FlexO/ZR subrating and partial survivability

ABSTRACT

An optical interface includes circuitry configured to operate the optical interface at a first rate, subsequent to a requirement to subrate the optical interface to a second rate, determine which services are affected, signal a partial failure for the one or more affected services, and operate the optical interface at a second rate that is less than the first rate. The optical interface can be a Flexible Optical (FlexO) or ZR interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present disclosure is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 17/197,573, filed Mar. 10, 2021, and entitled “FlexO/ZR subratingand partial survivability,” which was a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 17/087,969, filed Nov. 3, 2020, and entitled“Partial survivability for multi-carrier and multi-module opticalinterfaces,’ which is now U.S. Pat. No. 11,695,472, issued Jul. 4, 2023,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/405,101,filed May 7, 2019, and entitled “Partial survivability for multi-carrierand multi-module optical interfaces,” which is now U.S. Pat. No.10,826,600, issued Nov. 3, 2020, and which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/290,653, filed Oct. 11, 2016, andentitled “Partial survivability for multi-carrier and multi-moduleoptical interfaces,” which is now U.S. Pat. No. 10,333,614, issued Jun.25, 2019, the contents of all are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to optical networking systemsand methods. More particularly, the present disclosure relates toFlexible Optical (FlexO)/ZR partial survivability as well as partialsurvivability for multi-carrier and multi-module optical interfaces suchas Optical Transport Network (OTN), Flexible Ethernet (FlexE), andFlexO.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

In high bandwidth optical transport networks, recent standards such asITU-T Recommendation G.709 “Interfaces for the optical transportnetwork” (06/2016), the contents of which are incorporated by reference,describe the use of multiple optical carriers for a single digitaltransport interface in line side applications, such as an OpticalTransport Unit-Cn (OTUCn) which is carried via multiple OpticalTributary Signal (OTSi) carriers (lambdas). For client sideapplications, ITU-T Recommendation G.709.1 (under progress) defines theuse of multiple client services/modules for a single OTUCn transportservice. Similarly, the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has workedon IA #OIF-FLEXE-01.0 “Flex Ethernet Implementation Agreement”(03/2016), the contents of which are incorporated by reference, forFlexE to transport an Ethernet client service across multiple standardrate client interfaces/servers. The standards behavior is that upon afailure of any single carrier/module for the interface; the entire groupis considered failed, and consequential actions are taken on the entireinterface (or all services carried). As described herein, an interfaceis used for a network port and a service is used for individual servicesbeing carried within the interface. A single group interface can carryone or more services.

Of course, taking down the entire transport interface, althoughcompliant to existing standards, can impact a significant amount ofservices. As services are deployed across multiple carriers/modules, theoverall reliability (Failures in Time (FITS)/Mean Time Between Failures(MTBF)) is at risk. The components involved in the electro-opticalinterfaces typically have associated high failure rates. As an example,if the entire network interface is 600G and is being carried over fourcarriers, then a failure of a single carrier affects all 600G eventhough that single carrier may be responsible for only a quarter of thattraffic (150G). Such lack of partial survivability has a major impact onthe network in regard to failures. For failures, a network controllerrequires sufficient bandwidth to restore failed services. The lack ofpartial survivability significantly increases the amount of bandwidth,e.g., 600G instead of just 150G based on the aforementioned networkinterface example.

In addition to the use of multiple OTSi for increasing bandwidth,individual interfaces themselves are expanding to support high bitrates, e.g., 400G, 800G, etc. There are situations where a singleinterface may need to be subrated for partial survivability. Of note,there are approaches defined at the Optical Data Unit level k (ODUk)service layer, but not at the OTUCn/FlexO/ZR interface layer. That is,there are no current definitions for subrating and partial survivabilityfor FlexO/ZR interfaces.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In an embodiment, an optical interface and a method include steps ofoperating an optical interface at a first rate; subsequent to arequirement to subrate the optical interface to a second rate,determining which one or more services are affected; signaling one ormore partial failures for the one or more affected services; anoperating the optical interface at a second rate that is less than thefirst rate. The optical interface can be a Flexible Optical (FlexO)interface. The FlexO interface can include a plurality of OpticalTransport Unit C (OTUC) slices each at about 100 Gb/s, and wherein theone or more partial failure are for one or more OTUC slices. The opticalinterface can be a ZR interface. The optical interface can include aplurality of slices each at about 100 Gb/s, and wherein the one or morepartial failure is for one or more slices.

The one or more partial failures can be signaled through one or more ofa partial Alarm Indication Signal (P-AIS), a partial Backward DefectIndication (P-BDI), and a partial Server Signal Fail (P-SSF). The stepscan further include adjusting overhead of the optical interface based onthe one or more partial failure. The steps can further include adjustingone or more of the affected services based on priority. The requirementto subrate can be due to any of optical margin and a requirement tosupport an alternate path. The optical interface can be part of anOptical Tributary Signal (OTSi).

In another embodiment, a network element includes one or more portsforming a plurality of optical carriers (Optical Tributary Signal(OTSi)) that transport a single Optical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn) in anetwork; and circuitry communicatively coupled to the one or more portsand configured to, subsequent to an optical carrier failure of theplurality of optical carriers, determine which services in the OTUCn areaffected, cause signaling of a partial failure for the OTUCn andsignaling a failure for the affected services, and cause adjustment ofsome or all of the affected services on non-failed optical carriers ofthe plurality of optical carriers. The adjustment can include a move ofthe some or all of the affected services from the optical carrierfailure to the non-failed optical carriers based on priority. The OTUCncan have a bandwidth N and the plurality of optical carriers are Xoptical carriers, X>1, each having a bandwidth M1, M2, . . . , Mx eachbeing less than N and a total being equal to N. The circuitry can befurther configured to cause overhead adjustment on the OTUCn based onthe optical carrier failure such that the overhead is transport onnon-failed optical carriers of the plurality of optical carriers Theoverhead adjustment can include a move of the overhead from the failedoptical carrier to one of the non-failed optical carriers. The overheadadjustment can include a defect indication to indicate which of thenon-failed optical carriers has the overhead. The overhead adjustmentcan include identical copies of the overhead on the non-failed opticalcarriers with a weighted scheme used to determine which copy of theoverhead is valid.

In another embodiment, a method include, in a network element with oneor more ports forming a plurality of optical carriers (Optical TributarySignal (OTSi)) that transport a single Optical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn)in a network, and subsequent to an optical carrier failure of theplurality of optical carriers, determining which services in the OTUCnare affected; signaling a partial failure for the OTUCn and signaling afailure for the affected services; and adjusting some or all of theaffected services on non-failed optical carriers of the plurality ofoptical carriers.

In a further embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming anetwork element with one or more ports forming a plurality of opticalcarriers (Optical Tributary Signal (OTSi)) that transport a singleOptical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn) in a network to, subsequent to anoptical carrier failure of the plurality of optical carriers, determinewhich services in the OTUCn are affected, cause signaling of a partialfailure for the OTUCn and signaling a failure for the affected services,and cause adjustment of some or all of the affected services onnon-failed optical carriers of the plurality of optical carriers.

In a further embodiment, a partial survivability method implemented in anode in an Optical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn) network includes,subsequent to an optical carrier (Optical Tributary Signal (OTSi))failure of a plurality of optical carriers, determining which OpticalData Unit k (ODUk) services in an OTUCn associated with the OTSi areaffected; signaling a partial failure for the OTUCn and signaling afailure only for the affected ODUk services; adjusting overheadassociated with the OTUCn based on the OTSi failure; and applyingactions on the affected ODUk services subsequent to the OTSi failure.The signaling the partial failure can include signaling one or more of apartial Alarm Indication Signal (P-AIS), a partial Backward DefectIndication (P-BDI), and a partial Server Signal Fail (P-SSF) for theOTUCn, and wherein the signaling the failure can include signaling oneor more of an Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), a Backward DefectIndication (BDI), and a Server Signal Fail (SSF) only for the affectedODUk services. The adjusting overhead can include adjusting overheadassociated with the OTUCn and with an associated Optical Data Unit Cn(ODUCn) and with an associated Optical Payload Channel Cn (OPUCn)between slices.

The adjusting can include using a partial Backward Defect Indication(P-BDI) or a Remote Defect Indication (RDI) to decide by an adjacenttransmitter which OTUCn slice overhead is used. The adjusting caninclude an adjacent transmitter broadcasting the overhead to all OTUCnslices with identical copies with a weighted scheme used by the node todetermine which copy of the overhead is valid. The determining can bebased on monitoring fault points of the OTSi which failed by the nodeand determining the affected the ODUk services based on an associationmaintained by the node of the ODUk services to the failed OTSi. Theactions can include one or more of restoring the affected ODUk services,resizing the affected ODUk services, and moving the affected ODUkservices, performed through one of a control plane and a SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) controller. The partial survivability methodcan further include, responsive to an ODUk service of the affected ODUkservices being partially affected by the OTSi failure, adjusting a sizeof the ODUk service to operate on operational OTSi unaffected by theOTSi failure. The partial survivability method can further includeshuffling one or more of the affected ODUk services with unaffected ODUkservices based on priority through an edit operation at the node.

In yet another embodiment, a node adapted for partial survivability inan Optical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn) network includes one or more linemodules forming a plurality of optical carriers (Optical TributarySignal (OTSi)); and a controller adapted to, subsequent to an OTSifailure, determine which Optical Data Unit k (ODUk) services in an OTUCnassociated with the OTSi are affected, cause signaling of a partialfailure for the OTUCn and signaling a failure only for the affected ODUkservices, cause adjustment of overhead associated with the OTUCn basedon the OTSi failure, and cause actions on the affected ODUk servicessubsequent to the OTSi failure. The signaling the partial failure caninclude signaling one or more of a partial Alarm Indication Signal(P-AIS), a partial Backward Defect Indication (P-BDI), and a partialServer Signal Fail (P-SSF) for the OTUCn, and wherein the signaling thefailure can include signaling one or more of an Alarm Indication Signal(AIS), a Backward Defect Indication (BDI), and a Server Signal Fail(SSF) only for the affected ODUk services. The adjustment of overheadcan include adjustment of the overhead associated with the OTUCn andwith an associated Optical Data Unit Cn (ODUCn) and with an associatedOptical Payload Channel Cn (OPUCn) between slices.

The adjustment can include using a partial Backward Defect Indication(P-BDI) or a Remote Defect Indication (RDI) to decide by an adjacenttransmitter which OTUCn slice overhead is used. The adjustment caninclude an adjacent transmitter broadcasting the overhead to all OTUCnslices with identical copies with a weighted scheme used by the node todetermine which copy of the overhead is valid. The affected ODUkservices can be determined based on monitoring fault points of the OTSiwhich failed by the node and determining the affected the ODUk servicesbased on an association maintained by the node of the ODUk services tothe failed OTSi. The actions can include one or more of restoring theaffected ODUk services, resizing the affected ODUk services, and movingthe affected ODUk services, performed through one of a control plane anda Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller. The controller can befurther adapted to, responsive to an ODUk service of the affected ODUkservices being partially affected by the OTSi failure, cause adjustmentof a size of the ODUk service to operate on operational OTSi unaffectedby the OTSi failure. The controller can be further adapted to causeshuffling one or more of the affected ODUk services with unaffected ODUkservices based on priority through an edit operation at the node.

In yet another embodiment, a partial survivability apparatus implementedin a node in an Optical Transport Unit Cn (OTUCn) network includescircuitry adapted to determine, subsequent to an optical carrier(Optical Tributary Signal (OTSi)), failure, which Optical Data Unit k(ODUk) services in an OTUCn associated with the OTSi are affected;circuitry adapted to signal a partial failure for the OTUCn and signal afailure only for the affected ODUk services; circuitry adapted to adjustoverhead associated with the OTUCn based on the OTSi failure; andcircuitry adapted to apply actions on the affected ODUk servicessubsequent to the OTSi failure. The signal the partial failure caninclude signaling one or more of a partial Alarm Indication Signal(P-AIS), a partial Backward Defect Indication (P-BDI), and a partialServer Signal Fail (P-SSF) for the OTUCn, and wherein the signal thefailure can include signaling one or more of an Alarm Indication Signal(AIS), a Backward Defect Indication (BDI), and a Server Signal Fail(SSF) only for the affected ODUk services.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein withreference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers areused to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, andin which:

FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an example network with variousinterconnected nodes.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example node for use with the systemsand methods described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a controller to provide control planeprocessing and/or operations, administration, maintenance, andprovisioning (OAM&P) for the node of FIG. 2 , and/or to implement aSoftware Defined Networking (SDN) controller.

FIG. 4 is a network diagram of an example of network services within anode which have ODUk services as channelized services being carried onan OTUCn network interface with multiple OTSi carriers;

FIGS. 5-7 are block diagrams of bandwidth for network services and howit can be assigned to specific optical carriers, OTSi, specifically FIG.5 illustrates how available bandwidth can be identified for networkservices using a TDM (time domain multiplexing) scheme with associatedtributary or calendar slots; FIG. 6 illustrates how channelized servicescan be allocated to available bandwidth and how that bandwidth can becarried across multiple optical carriers, OTSi; and FIG. 7 illustrates afailure on a single optical carrier, OTSi, and how the bandwidth for thenetwork services is identified and reduced.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a process for shuffling services within apartially failed interface to move high priority services to non-failedtributary slots

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an overhead processing process which usespartial AIS and BDI signals and overhead movement for partialsurvivability of multi-carrier and multi-module optical interfaces.

FIGS. 10-12 are network diagrams of a network illustrating various OTUCnnetwork configurations (mix of OTN XC cross-connects and 3R regenerationnodes), specifically FIG. 10 illustrates the OTUCn network withoutpartial survivability, FIG. 11 illustrates the OTUCn network withpartial survivability and FIG. 12 illustrates the OTUCn network withpartial survivability and with flexible size services.

FIGS. 13-14 are block diagrams of OTUCn/ODUCn overhead.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of circuitry, in a coherent optical modemthat can be used in a network element, for supporting FlexO/ZR partialsurvivability.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process of FlexO/ZR partial survivability.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Again, in various embodiments, the present disclosure relates toFlexible Optical (FlexO)/ZR partial survivability. The objective is toprovide subrating at the FlexO/ZR interface layer. In this manner,high-speed interfaces, e.g., 400G, 800G, can be reduced in bandwidth tosupport applications with different reach/application requirements. Thepresent disclosure includes a partial-Alarm Indication Signal (AIS),partial-Backward Defect Indicator (BDI) and partial-Server Signal Fail(SSF) signal, techniques for handling overhead, and moving of ODUkservices and mesh restoration. This approach includes OTN FlexO or OIFZR and addresses the use case of partial survivability when an interfaceis subrated. Standards typically define fixed rate FlexO/ZR interfaces,and do not define scenarios where interfaces are subrated dynamically(change of rate). One use case includes optical networks where modemsare configured for variable rates based on available margin. Thisapplication requires dynamic capacity changes on optical modem coherentinterfaces, and this disclosure explores the protocol implications ofdoing so.

Also, in various embodiments, the present disclosure relates to partialsurvivability for multi-carrier and multi-module optical interfaces suchas Optical Transport Network (OTN), Flexible Ethernet (FlexE), andFlexible Optical (FlexO). As described herein, a failure of any OTSicarriers, the entire OTUCn network interface associated with the OTSicarriers is considered as failed and consequent actions are appliedacross the entire Optical Data Unit Cn (ODUCn) associated with theOTUCn, affecting all ODUk services within the ODUCn. This also appliessimilarly to FlexO client interfaces carrying a single High Order (HO)OTUCn and multiple Low Order (LO) Optical Data Unit k (ODUk) services.Note, the term services can be used interchangeably with clients, e.g.,ODUk services and FlexE clients. Systems and methods described hereinapply consequent actions to only the channelized services which aredirectly impacted by failed carriers and allow other channelizedservices to remain intact within the network interface. The consequentactions are not applied across the entire interface (e.g., ODUCn layerfor an OTUCn interface) but instead prescriptively applied for each ODUkservice (e.g., an ODUk within an OTUCn interface), as required. Thesignal fail conditions can be selective to events located in a specificOTSi/interface (e.g., degraded defect (dDEG[i]), Loss of Signal (LOS),Loss of Frame (LOF), etc.). A new partial-Alarm Indication Signal (AIS),partial-Backward Defect Indicator (BDI) and partial-Server Signal Fail(SSF) signal is defined as a replacement signal for only the HOOTUC/ODUC slices being affected. The partial-AIS/BDI signal can workalong with RS regen nodes.

Partial Survivability for multi-carrier or multi-module interfacesdetermines specifically which optical carriers are failed for a networkservice, using specific triggers such as signal degrade, loss of framedelineation (LOF), loss of signal (LOS), etc. which are associated withthe specific optical carrier or module. It is able to correlate theavailable bandwidth assignment information for each of the channelizedservices within the network service to the failed optical carriers. Forthose channelized services which occupy bandwidth which is impacted bythe failed optical carriers, it will apply consequent actions to signalthat traffic is impacted for that channelized service.

Advantageously, the systems and methods provide an ability for aninterface to be declared as partially failed with P-AIS, P-SSF and P-BDIstatuses and signaling. Further, the systems and methods use varioustechniques to ensure overhead (OH) survives in the event the firstOTUC/ODUC slice is failed (which normally carries various OH). Thesystems and methods determine which services are up or down on apartially failed interface. Also, the systems and methods canautomatically adjust the size of a service based on capacity beingautomatically adjusted within the interface. Further, the systems andmethods can shuffle (substitute) failed and working services based onpriority. The systems and methods can disassociate provisioned services(tributary ports in OTN) within an interface from all tributary slots,via an edit instead of having to delete and re-provision the services.The systems and methods can recognize the opportunity to adjustinterface capacity to provide greater Signal-to-Noise margin in opticalnetworks, without affecting active services. The systems and methods canexchange partially failed interface information with other networkinglayers (i.e. Layer 0). Also, the systems and methods allow the serverlayer (Layer 0) to deprioritize or completely suspend restoration of apartially failed interface's wavelength(s).

The systems and methods provide greater availability and reliability ofservices within high capacity, multi-channel networks. Thesepartial-survivability systems and methods can complement control-planeand mesh restoration techniques as well as Software Defined Networking(SDN) schemes. As a result, there are reduced network impacts due tofewer services being affected by a partial failure of a group interface.Again, some services can be maintained on partially failed interfaceswithout declaring an entire ODUCn down. Higher priority services can bemaintained on the existing interfaces, reducing the impact of moving theservices or declaring them as operationally down. Again, as a result,restoring only those services which are failed requires fewer networkresources. If restoring at Layer 1 (TDM), a network only requires enoughbandwidth elsewhere to accommodate the failed services, becausenon-failed services do not need to be restored. Consuming less capacityper interface can result in a wavelength requiring less SNR andtherefore could provide additional net system margin back to the network(e.g., downshift from 150G using 8QAM to 100G using QPSK because theadditional 50G capacity offered by the 8QAM is not usable by the 100Gservices). Such additional net system margin can be used by otherwavelengths to expand their capacity with flexible, softwareprogrammable optical modems. Partially failed interfaces can be reducedin size to eliminated failed bandwidth, additionally freeing up network(Layer 0) bandwidth.

Example Network

Referring to FIG. 1 , in an embodiment, a network diagram illustrates annetwork 10 with various interconnected nodes 12 (illustrated as nodes12A-12J). The nodes 12 are interconnected by a plurality of links 14.The nodes 12 communicate with one another over the links 14 throughLayer 0 (L0) such as optical wavelengths (DWDM), Layer 1 (L1) such asOTN, Layer 2 (L2) such as Ethernet, MPLS, etc., and/or Layer 3 (L3)protocols. The nodes 12 can be network elements which include aplurality of ingress and egress ports forming the links 14. An examplenode implementation is illustrated in FIG. 2 . The network 10 caninclude various services or calls between the nodes 12. Each service orcall can be at any of the L0, L1, L2, and/or L3 protocols, such as awavelength, a Subnetwork Connection (SNC), a Label Switched Path (LSP),etc., and each service or call is an end-to-end path or an end-to-endsignaled path and from the view of the client signal contained therein,it is seen as a single network segment. The nodes 12 can also bereferred to interchangeably as network elements (NEs). The network 10 isillustrated, for example, as an interconnected mesh network, and thoseof ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 10 can includeother architectures, with additional nodes 12 or with fewer nodes 12,etc.

The network 10 can include a control plane 16 operating on and/orbetween the nodes 12. The control plane 16 includes software, processes,algorithms, etc. that control configurable features of the network 10,such as automating discovery of the nodes 12, capacity on the links 14,port availability on the nodes 12, connectivity between ports;dissemination of topology and bandwidth information between the nodes12; calculation and creation of paths for calls or services; networklevel protection and restoration; and the like. Example control planesmay include Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) as defined inITU-T G.8080/Y.1304, Architecture for the automatically switched opticalnetwork (ASON) (02/2012), the contents of which are herein incorporatedby reference; Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)Architecture as defined in IETF Request for Comments (RFC): 3945(10/2004) and the like, the contents of which are herein incorporated byreference; Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol (OSRP) from CienaCorporation which is an optical signaling and routing protocol similarto Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) and Multi-Protocol LabelSwitching (MPLS); or any other type control plane for controllingnetwork elements at multiple layers, and establishing connections amongnodes. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 10and the control plane 16 can utilize any type of control plane forcontrolling the nodes 12 and establishing, maintaining, and restoringcalls or services between the nodes 12.

An SDN controller 18 can also be communicatively coupled to the network10 through one or more of the nodes 12. SDN is an emerging frameworkwhich includes centralized control decoupled from the data plane. SDNprovides the management of network services through abstraction oflower-level functionality. This is done by decoupling the system thatmakes decisions about where traffic is sent (the control plane) from theunderlying systems that forward traffic to the selected destination (thedata plane). SDN works with the SDN controller 18 knowing a full networktopology through configuration or through the use of a controller-baseddiscovery process in the network 10. The SDN controller 18 differs froma management system in that it controls the forwarding behavior of thenodes 12 only, and performs control in real time or near real time,reacting to changes in services requested, network traffic analysis andnetwork changes such as failure and degradation. Also, the SDNcontroller 18 provides a standard northbound interface to allowapplications to access network resource information and policy-limitedcontrol over network behavior or treatment of application traffic. TheSDN controller 18 sends commands to each of the nodes 12 to controlmatching of data flows received and actions to be taken, including anymanipulation of packet contents and forwarding to specified egressports.

Note, the network 10 can use the control plane 16 separately from theSDN controller 18. Conversely, the network 10 can use the SDN controller18 separately from the control plane 16. Also, the control plane 16 canoperate in a hybrid control mode with the SDN controller 18. In thisscheme, for example, the SDN controller 18 does not necessarily have acomplete view of the network 10. Here, the control plane 16 can be usedto manage services in conjunction with the SDN controller 18. The SDNcontroller 18 can work in conjunction with the control plane 16 in thesense that the SDN controller 18 can make the routing decisions andutilize the control plane 16 for signaling thereof. In the terminologyof ASON and OSRP, SNCs are end-to-end signaled paths or calls since fromthe point of view of a client signal; each is a single network segment.In GMPLS, the connections are an end-to-end path referred to as LSPs. InSDN, such as in OpenFlow, services are called “flows.” Those of ordinaryskill in the art will recognize that SNCs, LSPs, flows, or any othermanaged service in the network can be used with the systems and methodsdescribed herein for end-to-end paths. Also, as described herein, theterm services is used for generally describing OTN connections in thenetwork 10.

Example Network Element/Node

Referring to FIG. 2 , in an embodiment, a block diagram illustrates anexample node 30 for use with the systems and methods described herein.In an embodiment, the example node 30 can be a network element that mayconsolidate the functionality of a Multi-Service Provisioning Platform(MSPP), Digital Cross-Connect (DCS), Ethernet and/or Optical TransportNetwork (OTN) switch, Wave Division Multiplexed (WDM)/Dense WDM (DWDM)platform, Packet Optical Transport System (POTS), etc. into a single,high-capacity intelligent switching system providing Layer 0, 1, 2,and/or 3 consolidation. In another embodiment, the node 30 can be any ofan OTN Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM), a Multi-Service Provisioning Platform(MSPP), a Digital Cross-Connect (DCS), an optical cross-connect, a POTS,an optical switch, a router, a switch, a Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing (WDM) terminal, an access/aggregation device, etc. That is,the node 30 can be any digital system with ingress and egress digitalsignals and switching of channels, timeslots, tributary units, etc.While the node 30 is generally shown as an optical network element, thesystems and methods contemplated for use with any switching fabric,network element, or network based thereon. Specifically, in the systemsand methods described herein, the node 30 is an OTN capable networkelement, supporting OTSi, OTUCn, and ODUCn.

In an embodiment, the node 30 includes common equipment 32, one or moreline modules 34, and one or more switch modules 36. The common equipment32 can include power; a control module; Operations, Administration,Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) access; user interface ports; andthe like. The common equipment 32 can connect to a management system 38through a data communication network 40 (as well as a Path ComputationElement (PCE), SDN controller, OpenFlow controller, etc.). Themanagement system 38 can include a network management system (NMS),element management system (EMS), or the like. Additionally, the commonequipment 32 can include a control plane processor, such as a controller50 illustrated in FIG. 3 configured to operate the control plane asdescribed herein. The node 30 can include an interface 42 forcommunicatively coupling the common equipment 32, the line modules 34,and the switch modules 36 to one another. For example, the interface 42can be a backplane, midplane, a bus, optical or electrical connectors,or the like. The line modules 34 are configured to provide ingress andegress to the switch modules 36 and to external connections on the linksto/from the node 30. In an embodiment, the line modules 34 can formingress and egress switches with the switch modules 36 as center stageswitches for a three-stage switch, e.g. a three-stage Clos switch. Otherconfigurations and/or architectures are also contemplated. The linemodules 34 can include optical transceivers, such as, for example,Beyond 100G OTN (FlexO, OTUCn, ODUCn, OTSi), Flex OTN, ODUflex, FlexibleEthernet, etc.

Further, the line modules 34 can include a plurality of opticalconnections per module and each module may include a flexible ratesupport for any type of connection, such as, for example, N×100 Gb/s(where N can be a real number), and any rate in between as well asfuture higher rates. The line modules 34 can include wavelength divisionmultiplexing interfaces, short reach interfaces, and the like, and canconnect to other line modules 34 on remote network elements, endclients, edge routers, and the like, e.g., forming connections on thelinks in the network 10. From a logical perspective, the line modules 34provide ingress and egress ports to the node 30, and each line module 34can include one or more physical ports. The switch modules 36 areconfigured to switch channels, timeslots, tributary units, packets, etc.between the line modules 34. For example, the switch modules 36 canprovide wavelength granularity (Layer 0 switching); OTN granularity suchas ODUk, ODUCn, ODUflex, ODTUGs, etc.; Ethernet granularity; and thelike. Specifically, the switch modules 36 can include Time DivisionMultiplexed (TDM) (i.e., circuit switching) and/or packet switchingengines. The switch modules 36 can include redundancy as well, such as1:1, 1:N, etc. In an embodiment, the switch modules 36 provide OTNswitching and/or Ethernet switching.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the node 30 caninclude other components which are omitted for illustration purposes,and that the systems and methods described herein are contemplated foruse with a plurality of different network elements with the node 30presented as an example type of network element. For example, in anotherembodiment, the node 30 may not include the switch modules 36, butrather have the corresponding functionality in the line modules 34 (orsome equivalent) in a distributed fashion. For the node 30, otherarchitectures providing ingress, egress, and switching are alsocontemplated for the systems and methods described herein. In general,the systems and methods described herein contemplate use with anynetwork element providing switching of channels, timeslots, tributaryunits, wavelengths, etc. and using the control plane. Furthermore, thenode 30 is merely presented as one example node 30 for the systems andmethods described herein.

Example Controller

Referring to FIG. 3 , in an embodiment, a block diagram illustrates acontroller 50 to provide control plane processing and/or operations,administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) for the node 30,and/or to implement a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller. Thecontroller 50 can be part of the common equipment, such as commonequipment 32 in the node 30, or a stand-alone device communicativelycoupled to the node 30 via the DCN 40. In a stand-alone configuration,the controller 50 can be an SDN controller, an NMS, a PCE, etc. Thecontroller 50 can include a processor 52 which is a hardware device forexecuting software instructions such as operating the control plane. Theprocessor 52 can be any custom made or commercially available processor,a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among severalprocessors associated with the controller 50, a semiconductor-basedmicroprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generallyany device for executing software instructions. When the controller 50is in operation, the processor 52 is configured to execute softwarestored within the memory, to communicate data to and from memory, and togenerally control operations of the controller 50 pursuant to thesoftware instructions. The controller 50 can also include a networkinterface 54, a data store 56, memory 58, an I/O interface 60, and thelike, all of which are communicatively coupled to one another and to theprocessor 52.

Note, while the controller 50 is shown as a separate module in the node30 and as part of the common equipment 32, the controller 50 and itsassociated functionality can be located elsewhere in the node 30 andeven external to the node 50. Also, the controller 50 can be implementedon the line modules 34, the switch modules 36, etc.

The network interface 54 can be used to enable the controller 50 tocommunicate on the DCN 40, such as to communicate control planeinformation to other controllers, to the management system 38, to thenodes 30, and the like. The network interface 54 can include, forexample, an Ethernet card (e.g., Gigabit Ethernet) or a wireless localarea network (WLAN) card (e.g., 802.11). The network interface 54 caninclude address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriatecommunications on the network. The data store 56 can be used to storedata, such as control plane information, provisioning data, OAM&P data,etc. The data store 56 can include any of volatile memory elements(e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and thelike)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, flash drive,CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the data store56 can incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types ofstorage media. The memory 58 can include any of volatile memory elements(e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)),nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, flash drive, CDROM,etc.), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the memory 58 may incorporateelectronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Notethat the memory 58 can have a distributed architecture, where variouscomponents are situated remotely from one another, but may be accessedby the processor 52. The I/O interface 60 includes components for thecontroller 50 to communicate with other devices. Further, the I/Ointerface 60 includes components for the controller 50 to communicatewith the other nodes, such as using overhead associated with OTNsignals.

In an embodiment, the controller 50 is configured to communicate withother controllers 50 in the network 10 to operate the control plane forcontrol plane signaling. This communication may be either in-band orout-of-band. Out-of-band signaling may use an overlaid Internet Protocol(IP) network such as, for example, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over IP.In an embodiment, the controllers 50 can include an in-band signalingmechanism utilizing OTN overhead. The General Communication Channels(GCC) defined by G.709 are in-band side channels used to carrytransmission management and signaling information within OpticalTransport Network elements. Based on the intermediate equipment'stermination layer, different bytes may be used to carry control planesignaling. Other mechanisms are also contemplated for control planesignaling.

The controller 50 is configured to operate the control plane 16 in thenetwork 10. That is, the controller 50 is configured to implementsoftware, processes, algorithms, etc. that control configurable featuresof the network 10, such as automating discovery of the nodes, capacityon the links, port availability on the nodes, connectivity betweenports; dissemination of topology and bandwidth information between thenodes; path computation and creation for connections; network levelprotection and restoration; and the like. As part of these functions,the controller 50 can include a topology database that maintains thecurrent topology of the network 10 based on control plane signaling(e.g., HELLO messages) and a connection database that maintainsavailable bandwidth on the links 14 again based on the control planesignaling. Again, the control plane is a distributed control plane;thus, a plurality of the controllers 50 can act together to operate thecontrol plane using the control plane signaling to maintain databasesynchronization. In source-based routing, the controller 50 at a sourcenode for a connection is responsible for path computation andestablishing by signaling other controllers 50 in the network 10, suchas through a SETUP message. Path computation generally includesdetermining a path, i.e. traversing the links through the nodes from theoriginating node to the destination node based on a plurality ofconstraints such as administrative weights on the links, bandwidthavailability on the links, etc.

Network Service Employing Multiple Optical Carriers

Referring to FIG. 4 , in an embodiment, a network diagram illustrates anexample of network connections 80, 82, 84 within a node 30 which haveODUk clients/services as channelized services being carried on an OTUCnnetwork interface with multiple OTSi carriers. The network connections80, 82, 84 include OTSi 100, FlexO 102, OTUCn 104, and ODUCn 106. Thenetwork services or clients are ODUk 108. The OTSi 100 is defined in ITURecommendation G.959.1 “Optical transport network physical layerinterfaces,” (04/2016), the contents of which are incorporated byreference. The OTSi is an optical signal that is placed within a networkmedia channel for transport across the optical network. This may includea single modulated optical carrier or a group of modulated opticalcarriers or subcarriers. In this example, the network connection 80includes four OTSi 100 and the network connections 82, 84 each includestwo OTSi 100. The FlexO 102 is a group interface which includes multiplehomogeneous OTN interfaces to support a higher rate client, e.g.,n×OTUC1. The OTUCn 104 is a single network group interface, and in thisexample, there is one OTUCn for each of the network connections 80, 82,84. The OTUCn 104 and the ODUCn 106 are defined in G.709 (06/2016). TheOTUCn contains an ODUCn 106, and the ODUCn 106 contains an OpticalPayload Unit (OPUCn). The ODUk 108 is a single channelized client orservice, and in this example, there are six channelized services shown.The network connection 80 employs four OTSi 100 carriers and is carryingsix ODUk 108 channelized services. The network connections 82, 84 eachemploy two OTSi 100 carriers, and each carries three ODUk 108channelized services.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the node 30 in FIG. 4is shown with the three example network connections 80, 82, 84 forillustration purposes. Specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates the networkconnection 80 facing west and the network connections 82, 84 facing eastwith each of the six ODUk 108 channelized services between the networkconnection 80 and between the network connections 82, 84. Otherembodiments are also contemplated, such as the network connection 80interfacing another network service of the same size (in FIG. 4 , thenetwork connection 80 interfaces the network connection 82, 84 which areeach half the size of the network connection 80).

Additionally, the examples described herein reference OTN, namely OTSi,OTUCn, ODUCn, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize thesystems and methods described herein can also be applied to othertechniques such as Flexible Ethernet or the like.

Again, typically upon a failure of any OTSi 100 carriers on any of thenetwork connections 80, 82, 84, the entire OTUCn 104 network groupinterface is considered to be failed and consequent actions are appliedacross the entire ODUCn 106 layer, affecting all the ODUk 108 serviceswithin. The same analogy can be used for FlexO client interfacescarrying a single HO OTUCn HO and multiple L0 ODUk services L0. Again,the same analogy can be used for FlexE clients carried in a FlexE groupinterface.

Bandwidth within a Network Service Example

Referring to FIGS. 5-7 , in an embodiment, block diagrams illustratebandwidth for network services and how it can be assigned using a timedomain multiplexing scheme to specific optical carriers, OTSi. FIG. 5illustrates how available bandwidth can be identified for networkservices. FIG. 6 illustrates how services can be allocated to availablebandwidth and how that bandwidth can be carried across multiple opticalcarriers, OTSi. FIG. 7 illustrates a failure on a single opticalcarrier, OTSi, and how the bandwidth for the network services isidentified and adjusted accordingly. In FIGS. 5-7 , there are two OTSi100-1, 100-2 carriers with various boxes identifying a unit ofbandwidth. To carry bandwidth on the OTSi 100-1, 100-2 carriers, thereis a FlexO/OTUCn adaptation 120 which maps bandwidth from the OTUCn 104to the OTSi 100-1, 100-2 carriers. Note, the concept of the OTSi 100 andthe OTUCn 104 is meant to decouple Layer 1 OTN bandwidth (client layer)from Layer 0 DWDM bandwidth (server layer). Specifically, as newmodulation formats emerge, optical bandwidth is decoupled fromclient/service bandwidth. In the OTUk scheme, each wavelength typicallycarried a single HO OTUk. With the OTSi 100 and the OTUCn 104, there canbe various combinations such as, for example, an OTUC4 (400G) carried ontwo OTSi (each at 200G), and the like.

In FIG. 5 , it is shown that tributary slots from the FlexO/OTUCnadaptation 120 are assigned to tributary slots in the OTSi 100-1, 100-2carriers, and not necessarily on the same OTSi 100-1, 100-2 carrier. Atthe adaptation layer into the FlexO/OTSiG (OTSi Group) only thosetributary slots which are available can be considered. In this example,the tributary slots identified by 1 are carried by the OTSi 100-1 andthe tributary slots identified by 2 and 3 are carried by the OTSi 100-2.FIG. 6 shows how channelized services can be allocated to availablebandwidth, and how that bandwidth can be carried across multiplecarriers. In this example, channelized service #1 and #2 are carriedentirely within the OTSi 100-1, a channelized service #4 is carriedentirely within the OTSi 100-2, but a channelized service #3 is carriedpartially by each of the OTSi 100-1, 100-2. Same analogy can be usedwith FlexE clients assigned to calendar slots.

FIG. 7 shows a failure on a single optical carrier, the OTSi 100-1, andhow the system can identify and indicate that the bandwidth has beenreduced for a given service. In this example, the failure of the OTSi100-1 completely affects the services #1 and #2 and affects two of theeight tributary slots which are allocated to the channelized service #3.The channelized service #4 is unaffected by the failure of the OTSi100-1 since it is entirely carried on the OTSi 100-2. If the channelizedservice #3 is flexible, it can be automatically reduced to use only theusable bandwidth (six tributary slots in this example) to still carryservice, albeit with lower bandwidth, during the temporary failure. Theamount of available bandwidth would need to be apparent at the node 30where the service is added/dropped so that the service can be throttledaccording to how much bandwidth it can use through the network. Also,the channelized services #1 and #2 can be restored while the channelizedservice #4 does not need to be restored. Same analogy can be used withFlexE clients assigned to calendar slots.

In an OTUCn network, mesh restoration and the control plane 16 can beused to move or resize affected services. Detection of which serviceshave failed (as opposed to those which are still able to carry traffic)in an interface can be accomplished by the controller 50, an NMS, theSDN controller 18, or the like. The detection can be accomplished viastatus monitoring for the service across the domain, by monitoring offault points (with no hold-off/debounce being applied) at either thepoint of failure or at adjacent equipment, by an implied associationmaintained in the node of which service is carried on which opticalcarrier, and the like.

Services which have been identified as failed have multiple possibleactions which could be applied. First, mesh restoration and the controlplane 16 can be used to move or resize only the affected services, asopposed to all services from within the group interface, to availablebandwidth within other existing interfaces in the network. In theexample of FIG. 7 , this includes moving the channelized services #1 and#2 and resizing or moving the channelized service #3. Additionally,services within the affected interface could be shuffled, allowinghigher prioritized services to be carried via the reduced bandwidth ofthe existing partially failed interface. In the example of FIG. 7 , thiscould include moving the channelized service #3 and replacing it withthe channelized service #1 in the OTSi 100-2, if, for example, thechannelized service #1 is a higher priority than the channelized service#3. Alternatively, this could include reducing the sizes of all of thechannelized services such that they could all be carried on the OTSi100-2. Controllers across layer 0 and layer 1 can be integrated tocreate new interfaces which only need to be large enough to accommodatethe services which need to be moved.

The node 30 is aware of the bandwidth within the network interface(OTUCn in this example) which is being carried by each optical carrier,OTSi. If any channelized services do not employ bandwidth that isimpacted by the failed optical carriers (the OTSi 100-1 in thisexample), those channelized services will not have consequent actionsapplied and thus will continue to carry traffic through the network. So,as an example, when the OTSi 100-1 fails, the node 30 would determinethat the bandwidth being carried by the OTSi 100-1 corresponds to thechannelized services #1, #2 and #3. Those individual channelizedservices would have consequent actions applied, but the channelizedservice #4 would remain unaffected. Referring back to FIG. 4 , theconsequent actions would be applied at the adaptation between the ODUkservices and the ODUCn high order path.

Subsequent nodes 30 along the traffic path will be unaffected by theupstream optical carrier faults, and the channelized service will passthrough regardless of whether it contains an alarm condition or not.

If the channelized service is flexible in how much capacity it can carrythrough a network, it may be possible for the channelized service toadapt to the partial failure of the network service. When specifictributary slots for a channelized service are failed due to the failedoptical carrier (two tributary slots for the channelized service #3 inthe example of FIG. 7 ), but other tributary slots are not failedbecause they are contained within an optical carrier that is not failed,the equipment may be able to temporarily adapt the size of the serviceto the number of non-failed tributary slots through the network service.This requires throttling of the service being carried within the channelat the points where it enters the network or moving it entirely acrossanother path. Once the failure within the network has been recovered,the channelized service can also recover to its original capacity (orlocation).

Process for Shuffling Services

Referring to FIG. 8 , in an embodiment, a flowchart illustrates aprocess 150 for shuffling services within a partially failed interfaceto move high priority services to non-failed tributary slots. Theprocess 150 is implemented in or by a node 30, e.g., through the controlplane 16 or the SDN controller 18, and is done via an Edit operation inorder to prevent loss of any existing provisioning data that may resultif any entity is deleted and re-added with new tributary slotassignments. In the example of FIG. 7 , the process 150 could be used tomove the two tributary slots of the channelized service #3 on the OTSi100-1 to two tributary slots in the OTSi 100-2.

Reassigning tributary slot assignments between two services within thesame interface becomes a sequence of the following events in the process150. The process 150 includes disassociating the connection point for afirst service from any tributary slots within the interface (step 152).The Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) structure for the High OrderOPU will now show those tributary slots as unallocated. The same analogycan be used for FlexE calendar slots. The egress tributary slots wouldbe empty within the payload of the High Order OPU. Because there is noingress data from the interface, the connection function for the servicedetects an AIS defect from the interface. Next, the process 150 includesassigning the connection point for a second service to use the tributaryslots previously assigned to the first service (step 154) and editingthe connection point for the first service to assign the tributary slotspreviously assigned to the second service (step 156).

P-AIS, P-BDI, and Overhead Movement

Referring to FIG. 9 , in an embodiment, a flowchart illustrates anoverhead processing process 200 which uses partial AIS and BDI signalsand overhead relocation for partial survivability of multi-carrier andmulti-module optical interfaces. The process 200 is performed by thenode 30 to enable partial survivability, and the node 30 includes aplurality of optical carriers, OTSi, an OTUCn associated with theoptical carriers, and a plurality of ODUk services. The process 200initiates subsequent to detection of an optical carrier failure (step202). For example, in FIG. 7 , the OTSi 100-1 fails. As describedherein, the optical carrier failure can be due to equipment failure,e.g., optical modems, as opposed to fiber cuts. The equipment failureaffects a specific optical carrier whereas the fiber cuts can affect alloptical carriers on the same fiber. Although the process 200 can operatewith respect to fiber cuts where the optical carriers for an OTUCn areon different fibers.

The process 200 includes determining which ODUk services in the OTUCnare affected by the optical carrier failure (step 204). Again, detectionof which services have failed (as opposed to those which are still ableto carry traffic) can be accomplished by the controller 50, an NMS, theSDN controller 18, or the like. In the example of FIG. 7 , thechannelized services #1 and #2 would be the ones fully affected by theOTSi 100-1 failure and the channelized service #3 would be partiallyaffected.

The process 200 includes signaling partial AIS, partial BDI, and partialSSF for the OTUCn/ODUCn and AIS, BDI, and SSF for the affected services(step 206). Again, ODUCn AIS is currently defined as all or nothing. Theprocess 200 introduces the concept of squelching only selected (failed)ODUC slices, resulting in new P-AIS, P-BDI, and P-SSF states for theoverall OTUCn/ODUCn. These P-AIS, P-BDI, and P-SSF states are applied toOTUC and ODUC which are affected by the optical carrier failure. Again,consequential actions by the node 30, the OTN network, etc., are appliedat the ODUk service level based on the HO P-AIS, and P-SSF.Specifically, the affected ODUk services see the HO AIS, and SSF stateswhereas the unaffected ODUk services do not. The new P-AIS, P-BDI, andP-SSF can be a replacement signal and STAT field for only the HOOTUC/ODUC slices which are affected by the optical carrier failure. Theactions can include resizing, redialing/restoring, moving, etc.performed by a control plane, SDN, etc. Again, resizing can be used whena service is only partially affected by the optical carrier failure suchthat the service remains with the operational timeslots. Theredialing/restoring can include control plane restoration such as meshrestoration and it is only performed on the services with the AIS, BDI,and SSF. That is, operational services not affected by the opticalcarrier failure do not need restoration. The moving can includereplacing the affected services with unaffected services as describedherein, such as based on priority. Specifically, an OTUCn in any of theP-AIS, P-BDI, and P-SSF states means this OTUCn has failed opticalcarriers and operational optical carriers, hence a partial survivabilitystate.

The process 200 includes determining if the OTUCn overhead has beenaffected by the optical carrier failure (step 208). Specifically, inorder to continue operating an OTUCn interface in a partial fault/AISstate, some critical overhead must be moved from failed OTUC/ODUC slicesonto good ones. In an OTUCn, OTUCn, ODUCn, and OPUCn contain n instancesof OTU, ODU, OPU overhead, numbered 1 to n. In some embodiments, thefirst instance (OTUC #1, ODUC #1, and OPUC #1) overhead is used forvarious OAM&P purposes. For example, the first OTUC slice can be used tocarry specific overhead such as trace identification information (TTI)and General Communication Channel (GCC) data. At step 208, it isdetermined whether or not the optical carrier failure affects the OTUCnoverhead, such as, for example, the optical carrier affecting the firstOTUC #1 slice.

If the optical carrier failure affects the OTUCn overhead (step 208),the process 208 includes moving overhead from failed OTUC slices to anoperational OTUC slice (step 210). If the optical carrier failure doesnot affect the overhead (step 208) then after step 210, the process 200includes operating the OTUCn in a partial fault/AIS state with theunaffected optical carriers carrying unaffected services (step 212).

The moving in step 210 can be achieved via various techniques. First, asource (transmitter) can use the P-BDI backward/remote defect indicationto decide which OTU/ODU to send its overhead with a bit signalingoverhead presence. In cases of bi-directional failures, the transmittercan also use its receiver status. Basically, if it receives a local orremote failure indicator, then the overhead is moved. Second, the sourcecan broadcast the overhead to all slices, with identical copies. Aweighted scheme can be used by the sink (receiver) so that it can decidewhich overhead is valid in cases where there are discrepancies.

Layer 0 and Layer 1 Integration

With partial survivability, integration across Layer 0 and Layer 1controllers could allow right-sizing of existing and new interfacesbased explicitly on the services which need to be carried. The existing,partially failed interface, could be resized since it does not currentlyneed to accommodate the failed services. This could potentially free upoptical bandwidth (wavelengths) by adjusting the make-up of theinterface (add or remove OTSi). A new interface which is created onlyrequires enough bandwidth to accommodate only the failed services whichneed to be moved, as opposed to all services from within the failedinterface. This could result in the consumption of less opticalbandwidth (wavelengths) within the optical network. The total capacityof an interface can be adjusted when it is not possible for any servicein the client layer to use the stranded capacity. This generally resultsin a wavelength which requires less SNR, and therefore could provideadditional net system margin back to the network (e.g., downshift from150G using 8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) to 100G usingQuadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) because the additional 50G capacityoffered by the 8QAM is not usable by the 100G services). The resultantrequired SNR for the lower capacity modulation (from 8QAM to QPSK) canbe absorbed by the network once the margin has been mined from thewavelength (e.g., via power spectral averaging) and used for additionalcapacity on other wavelengths.

Example OTUCn Network Configurations

Referring to FIGS. 10-12 , in embodiments, network diagrams illustrate anetwork 300 illustrating various OTUCn network configurations. FIG. 10illustrates the OTUCn network 300 without partial survivability, FIG. 11illustrates the OTUCn network 300 with partial survivability and FIG. 12illustrates the OTUCn network 300 with partial survivability and withflexible size services. The OTUCn network 300 is shown with five examplenodes or network elements, namely NE A, NE B, NE C, NE D, NE E. Thenetwork elements NE A, B, D, E are cross-connects (XC) and the networkelement NE C is a regenerator (3R) from the perspective of exampleservices #1, #2, #3. There are two optical carriers OTSi between each ofthe network elements with the NE A and the NE E as end nodes and the NEB, NE C, NE Das intermediate nodes. The service #1 is between the NE Aand the NE E traversing each of the NE B, NE C, NE D. The service #2 isbetween the NE A and the NE D traversing each of the NE B, NE C. Theservice #3 is between the NE B and the NE D traversing the NE C.

In all of the FIGS. 10-12 , an optical carrier failure is shown on thefirst optical carrier OTSi between the NE B and the NE C. In FIG. 10 ,the OTUCn network does not have partial survivability. As such, AIS andBDI are shown on all of the services #1, #2, #3. After the opticalcarrier failure, ODUk BDI is sent backward on each of the services #1,#2, #3 and an ODUk AIS is sent forward on each of the services #1, #2,#3. Similarly, there is an OTUCn BDI and ODUCn BDI sent backward on theOTUCn and ODUCn, respectively, and an ODUCn AIS is sent forward on theODUCn. All of the services #1, #2, #3 are down, whether or not they areaffected by the optical carrier failure.

In FIG. 11 , the OTUCn network 300 can implement the systems and methodsdescribed herein for partial survivability, such as the process 200. Forexample, assume the services #1, #2 are affected by the optical carrierfailure between the NE B and NE C whereas the service #3 is not. Afterthe optical carrier failure, ODUk BDI is sent backward only on theservices #1, #2 and an ODUk AIS is sent forward only on the services #1,#2. Similarly, there is an OTUCn P-BDI and ODUCn P-BDI sent backward onthe OTUCn and ODUCn, respectively, and an ODUCn P-AIS is sent forward onthe ODUCn. Accordingly, only the services #1, #2 are down whereas theservice #3 is unaffected and the OTUCn/ODUCn is now operated in apartial failure situation as designated by the P-AIS, P-BDI, and P-SSF.The OTUCn network 300 can apply consequential actions only to theservices #1, #2, i.e., restoration, resizing, moving, etc.

In FIG. 12 , the OTUCn network 300 can implement the systems and methodsdescribed herein for partial survivability, such as the process 200, aswell as service resizing. In this example, assume the service #1 isfully affected by the optical carrier failure between the NE B and NE C,the service #2 is partially affected by the optical carrier failure, andthe service #3 is not. After the optical carrier failure, ODUk BDI issent backward only on the service #1 and an ODUk AIS is sent forwardonly on the service #1. The service #2 is resized to occupy only itstributary slots on the second, unaffected optical carrier, thusoperating with reduced capacity. Similarly, there is an OTUCn P-BDI andODUCn P-BDI sent backward on the OTUCn and ODUCn, respectively, and anODUCn P-AIS is sent forward on the ODUCn. Accordingly, only the service#1 is down whereas the service #3 is unaffected and the service #2operates with reduced capacity, and the OTUCn/ODUCn is now operated in apartial failure situation as designated by the P-AIS, P-BDI, and P-SSF.The OTUCn network 300 can apply consequential actions only to theservice #1, i.e., restoration, resizing, moving, etc.

OTUCn/ODUCn Overhead

Referring to FIGS. 13-14 , in an embodiment, block diagrams illustrateOTUCn/ODUCn overhead. Specifically, FIG. 13 illustrates the OTUCn framestructure, frame alignment and OTUCn overhead, and FIG. 14 illustratesthe ODUCn frame structure, ODUCn and OPUCn overhead. As can be seen inFIGS. 13-14 , the overhead is different for OTUC #1, ODUC #1, and OPUC#1 versus #2 to #n. Specifically, in FIG. 13 , the OTUC #1 carriers theOTN Synchronization Message Channel (OSMC) and the Trail TraceIdentifier (TTI) whereas #2 to #n do not. In FIG. 14 , the ODUC #1carriers the Path Monitoring (PM), Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM),Automatic Protection Switching (APS), Protection Communication Channel(PCC), Payload Type (PT), and TTI whereas #2 to #n do not. As such, theprocess 300 includes various techniques to ensure this overhead survivesin the partial survivability state by moving this overhead out of theOTUC #1 or ODUC #1 when that is affected by the optical carrier failure.

FlexE

The aforementioned descriptions of partial survivability focus on anOTUCn implementation. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognizethe same approaches can be used with FlexE. Specifically, a FlexE groupcan include multiple FlexE clients and a failure of one FlexE server orinterface within the group can lead to partial survivability. Here, theservices are FlexE clients and the network interface is the FlexE group.The failed FlexE clients can be determined based on the calendar slotsin the FlexE shim. Instead of an AIS, FlexE would have a partial LF, andinstead of a BDI, FlexE would have a Remote PHY Fault (RPF).

FlexO/ZR Interfaces

As described herein, the concept of partial survivability was originallyconceived when multiple interfaces (OTSi) in a group (OTSiG) are used tocarry a single OTUCn service. Standard behavior would require that whena member interface (OTSi) in the group fails, the whole group fails.Partial survivability will keep some services alive and runninghitlessly even in the event of failure with another OTSi in the group.This concept applies well for hitless subrating use cases.

FlexO/OTUCn interfaces include 100G OTUC slices and FlexO instances. Asis known in the art, a slice here is a 100G signal. Similarly, 400ZR(and future 800ZR/LR) interfaces include the concept 100G ZR frameslices. For example, 400ZR is described in OIF Implementation Agreement400ZR, OIF-400ZR-01.0, Mar. 10, 2020, the contents of which areincorporated by reference.

In a variable rate application, the user would typically provision amaximum rate to operate the interface. An interface can then be“downshifted” or subrated, to improve margins or support an alternativeoptical protection path. Some OTUC slices and FlexO/ZR instances are nottransported anymore on the subrated interface while other instances (andservices mapped to it) are still operating cleanly. For example, anOTUC8 includes eight 100G OTUC slices and may be subrated to 700G,losing one of the slices. Partial failure (P-AIS, P-BDI and P-SSF) orunequipped status can be applied to some of the OTUC slices and FlexO/ZRinstances on the interface.

All the same aspects of service management described above apply tosubrating use cases as well. Controllers would need to be able to detectand identify interfaces that have changed capacity. Services can beshuffled within a downshifted interface to enable the higher priorityservices to survive regardless of which portion of the interface hasbeen failed. Interfaces can be managed by integrated Layer 0 and Layer 1controllers to optimize optical bandwidth (wavelengths) based onservices which are still active and those which have failed and need tobe moved.

Additionally, it is possible to combine subrating for an individualinterface with multiple OTSi grouped interfaces, where all lambdas forthe FlexO group interface are downshifted in capacity equally, reducingthe overall group capacity.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of circuitry 400, in a coherent optical modemthat can be used in a network element, for supporting FlexO/ZR partialsurvivability. The coherent optical modem can be FlexO, and, in otherembodiments, a ZR interface. FIG. 15 illustrates the functionalcomponents with the right side including a Digital Signal Processor(DSP) 402 that connects to an electro-optic device on the right (notshown). The DSP 402 connects to Forward Error Correction (FEC) circuitry404 which connects to mapping circuitry 406. The mapping circuitry 406connects to gearbox circuits 410 that connect to FlexO circuitry 412.The FlexO circuitry 412 connects to deskew circuitry 414 that connectsto 400G client interface circuitry 416.

The mapping circuitry 406 is configured to map data, and when thecapacity of the line interface changes, some FlexO instances will bedrop, and P-AIS/BDI/SSF will be associated with those FlexO/ZR instances(and OTUC slices) that are partially failed in such scenario. In FIG. 16, this example shows how an 800G→600G application could be hitless forsome services from the protocol's perspective, and some FlexO/ZRinstances are failed while other are operating hitlessly (partialsurvivability).

Such approach could also be applicable to standard FlexO-x-DO (OFEC) orFlexO-x-DSH (CFEC) interfaces, where the rates reduce in capacity from astandard rate (e.g., 400G) to another (e.g., 200G). It is not just forproprietary interfaces and can simplify operation of standards ones aswell.

FlexO/ZR Interface Process

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process 450 of FlexO/ZR partialsurvivability. The process 450 can be implemented as a method, viacircuitry, via a coherent modem, via a network element, etc. The process450 includes operating an optical interface at a first rate (step 452);subsequent to a requirement to subrate the optical interface to a secondrate, determining which one or more services are affected (step 454);signaling one or more partial failures for the one or more affectedservices (step 456); and operating the optical interface at a secondrate that is less than the first rate.

The optical interface can be a Flexible Optical (FlexO) interface. TheFlexO interface can include a plurality of Optical Transport Unit C(OTUC) slices each at about 100 Gb/s, and wherein the one or morepartial failures are for one or more OTUC slices.

The optical interface can be a ZR interface. The FlexO interface caninclude a plurality of ZR slices each at about 100 Gb/s, and wherein theone or more partial failures are for one or more ZR slices.

The one or more partial failures can be signaled through one or more ofa partial Alarm Indication Signal (P-AIS), a partial Backward DefectIndication (P-BDI), and a partial Server Signal Fail (P-SSF). Theprocess 450 can further include adjusting overhead of the opticalinterface based on the one or more partial failures. The process 450 canfurther include adjusting one or more of the one or more affectedservices based on priority.

The requirement to subrate can be due to any of optical margin and arequirement to support an alternate path. The optical interface can bepart of an Optical Tributary Signal (OTSi).

CONCLUSION

It will be appreciated that some embodiments described herein mayinclude one or more generic or specialized processors (“one or moreprocessors”) such as microprocessors; Central Processing Units (CPUs);Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): customized processors such as NetworkProcessors (NPs) or Network Processing Units (NPUs), Graphics ProcessingUnits (GPUs), or the like; Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); andthe like along with unique stored program instructions (including bothsoftware and firmware) for control thereof to implement, in conjunctionwith certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functionsof the methods and/or systems described herein. Alternatively, some orall functions may be implemented by a state machine that has no storedprogram instructions, or in one or more Application Specific IntegratedCircuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certainof the functions are implemented as custom logic or circuitry. Ofcourse, a combination of the aforementioned approaches may be used. Forsome of the embodiments described herein, a corresponding device inhardware and optionally with software, firmware, and a combinationthereof can be referred to as “circuitry configured or adapted to,”“logic configured or adapted to,” etc. perform a set of operations,steps, methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. ondigital and/or analog signals as described herein for the variousembodiments.

Moreover, some embodiments may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium having computer readable code storedthereon for programming a computer, server, appliance, device,processor, circuit, etc. each of which may include a processor toperform functions as described and claimed herein. Examples of suchcomputer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, ahard disk, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM(Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (ElectricallyErasable Programmable Read Only Memory), Flash memory, and the like.When stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium, software caninclude instructions executable by a processor or device (e.g., any typeof programmable circuitry or logic) that, in response to such execution,cause a processor or the device to perform a set of operations, steps,methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. as describedherein for the various embodiments.

Although the present disclosure has been illustrated and describedherein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examplesthereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functionsand/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments andexamples are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, arecontemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A coherent optical modem comprising: an opticalinterface configured to operate at a plurality of rates; circuitryconfigured to interface a plurality of services over the opticalinterface, and responsive to a requirement to adjust the opticalinterface between the plurality of rates, partially fail one or moreservices of the plurality of services affected due to the requirement toadjust.
 2. The coherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein the pluralityof services are each Optical Transport Unit-C (OTUC) slices.
 3. Thecoherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein the plurality of services areeach Flexible Optical (FlexO) instances.
 4. The coherent optical modemof claim 1, wherein the plurality of services are each ZR instances. 5.The coherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein the requirement to adjustis hitless for the plurality of services besides the partially failedone or more services.
 6. The coherent optical modem of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of rates include a standard rate, and the requirement toadjust is to another rate that is less than the standard rate.
 7. Thecoherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein the circuitry includesmapping circuitry configured to map the plurality of services to theoptical interface, including adjustments based on the requirement toadjust.
 8. The coherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein therequirement to subrate is due to the one or more services beingunequipped.
 9. The coherent optical modem of claim 1, wherein theplurality of services are in 100G increments.
 10. The coherent opticalmodem of claim 1, wherein the circuitry further includes a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP); mapping circuitry; and Forward Error Correction(FEC) circuitry.
 11. A method of operating a coherent optical modemcomprising steps of: operating an optical interface that is configuredto operate at a plurality of rates; interfacing a plurality of servicesover the optical interface; and responsive to a requirement to adjustthe optical interface between the plurality of rates, partially failingone or more services of the plurality of services affected due to therequirement to adjust.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pluralityof services are each Optical Transport Unit-C(OTUC) slices.
 13. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the plurality of services are each FlexibleOptical (FlexO) instances.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein theplurality of services are each ZR instances.
 15. The method of claim 11,wherein the requirement to adjust is hitless for the plurality ofservices besides the partially failed one or more services.
 16. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the plurality of rates include a standardrate, and the requirement to adjust is to another rate that is less thanthe standard rate.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the steps furtherinclude mapping the plurality of services to the optical interface,including adjustments based on the requirement to adjust.
 18. The methodof claim 11, wherein the requirement to subrate is due to the one ormore services being unequipped.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein theplurality of services are in 100G increments.
 20. The method of claim11, wherein the coherent optical modem includes a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP); mapping circuitry; and Forward Error Correction (FEC)circuitry.